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National technical guideline for integrated disease surveillance and response disease prevention and control department A discount elimite uk acne pregnancy. Monica chesbrough order elimite online now skin care specialist, District laboratory practice in Tropical countries purchase elimite cheap online acne vulgaris definition, part I order elimite online skin care database, Cambrige university press, 1998. The effect of health education on prevalence of tinea capitis in children, eldoret, Kenya, 1993. Pattern of skin disease at the University teaching hospital, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. First edition 2009 Revised first edition 2009 Second edition 2014 For comments and feedback, please contact the author at chiangyizhen@gmail. A basic readable and understandable text with illustrations has become a necessity. Dr Chiang is to be congratulated for her exceptional industry and enthusiasm in converting an idea into a reality. Julian Verbov Professor of Dermatology Liverpool 2009 Preface to the 2nd edition Nicole and I are gratifed by the response to this Handbook which clearly fulfils its purpose. The positive feedback we have received has encouraged us to slightly expand the text and allowed us to update where necessary. Julian Verbov Professor of Dermatology Liverpool 2014 5 British Association of Dermatologists Dermatology: Handbook for medical students & junior doctors Foreword to First edition There is a real need for appropriate information to meet the educational needs of doctors at all levels. The hard work of those who produce the curricula on which teaching is based can be undermined if the available teaching and learning materials are not of a standard that matches the developed content. Any handbook must meet the challenges of being comprehensive, but brief, well illustrated, and focused to clinical presentations as well as disease groups. It has valuable sections on clinical method, and useful tips on practical procedures. It should find a home in the pocket of students and doctors in training, and will be rapidly worn out. I wish it had been available when I was in need, I am sure that you will all use it well in the pursuit of excellent clinical dermatology! Dr Mark Goodfield President of the British Association of Dermatologists 6 British Association of Dermatologists Dermatology: Handbook for medical students & junior doctors What is dermatology? They can cause physical damage, embarrassment, and social and occupational restrictions. Ability to examine skin, hair, nails and mucous membranes systematically showing respect for the patient 5. Ability to record findings accurately in patient’s records Taking a dermatological history • Using the standard structure of history taking, below are the important points to consider when taking a history from a patient with a skin problem (Table 1). Taking a dermatological history Main headings Key questions Presenting complaint Nature, site and duration of problem History of presenting complaint Initial appearance and evolution of lesion* Symptoms (particularly itch and pain)* Aggravating and relieving factors Previous and current treatments (effective or not) Recent contact, stressful events, illness and travel History of sunburn and use of tanning machines* Skin type (see page 70)* Past medical history History of atopy i. General terms Terms Meaning Pruritus Itching Lesion An area of altered skin Rash An eruption Naevus A localised malformation of tissue structures Example: (Picture Source: D@nderm) Pigmented melanocytic naevus (mole) Comedone A plug in a sebaceous follicle containing altered sebum, bacteria and cellular debris; can present as either open (blackheads) or closed (whiteheads) Example: Open comedones (left) and closed comedones (right) in acne 10 British Association of Dermatologists Dermatology: Handbook for medical students & junior doctors Table 4. Distribution (the pattern of spread of lesions) Terms Meaning Generalised All over the body Widespread Extensive Localised Restricted to one area of skin only Flexural Body folds i. Configuration (the pattern or shape of grouped lesions) Terms Meaning Discrete Individual lesions separated from each other Confluent Lesions merging together Linear In a line Target Concentric rings (like a dartboard) Example: Erythema multiforme Annular Like a circle or ring Example: Tinea corporis (‘ringworm’) Discoid / A coin-shaped/round lesion Nummular Example: Discoid eczema 12 British Association of Dermatologists Dermatology: Handbook for medical students & junior doctors Table 6. Colour Terms Meaning Erythema Redness (due to inflammation and vasodilatation) which blanches on pressure Example: Palmar erythema Purpura Red or purple colour (due to bleeding into the skin or mucous membrane) which does not blanch on pressure – petechiae (small pinpoint macules) and ecchymoses (larger bruise-like patches) Example: Henoch-Schönlein purpura (palpable small vessel vasculitis) 13 British Association of Dermatologists Dermatology: Handbook for medical students & junior doctors HypoArea(s) of paler skin pigmentation Example: Pityriasis versicolor (a superficial fungus infection) DeWhite skin due to absence of melanin pigmentation Example: Vitiligo (loss of skin melanocytes) HyperDarker skin which may be due to various causes. Morphology (the structure of a lesion) – Primary lesions Terms Meaning Macule A flat area of altered colour Example: Freckles Patch Larger flat area of altered colour or texture Example: Vascular malformation (naevus flammeus / ‘port wine stain’) Papule Solid raised lesion < 0.

Until now relatively few modifier genes have been identified order 30gm elimite with amex skin care zo, but it is supposed that in most cases not only one gene but a set of modifier genes is involved in the manifestation of the disease discount elimite online visa skin care education. The picture is further complicated by the fact that the modifier genes themselves follow some kind of hereditary pattern and that they can also be polymorphic buy discount elimite 30 gm acne toner, therefore they can differently modify the main gene purchase genuine elimite online skin care 0-1 years. The inheritance is called oligogenic in those hereditary diseases, whose development and manifestation have been proven to be influenced by such modifier genes, like in the case of Cystic Fibrosis and polycystic kidney. As the methods of full genome sequencing or exome sequencing (see Chapter 10) have become cheaper, in accordance with the systems biology theory it has become possible to demonstrate that every monogenic disease is caused practically not only by the mutation of the „main gene” but that parallel the mutations of many other genes also contribute to the development of the symptoms. Heterozygote advantage: it is the superiority of the heterozygous genotype to either homozygous genotype. The key may be that a particular allele may have advantages under given conditions, but that a different allele may be favored when conditions change. In the case of certain autosomal recessive diseases heterozygotes have reproductive advantage due to environmental factors. Independently of the environmental factors, modifier genes are supposedly also involved in this phenomenon. Influence of the sex: the manifestation or severeness of certain diseases is different in men and women. In the so-called sex restricted diseases the phenotype is manifested only in one of the sexes, although the inheritance is autosomal. Due to the fact that specific hormones are needed for the expression of the disease, it will be manifested in one gender only. In Pubertas praecox for instance the level and effect of sex hormones play the main regulatory role in the development of the disease. The influence of the environment: some monogenic diseases despite the mutated genotype are manifested only when particular inducing environmental effects hit the organism. Earlier these diseases used to be called ecogenetic (Porfiria, Malignus hypertermia, Glucose-6-phosphate© Erna Pap. Either an altered function of the modifier genes or some epigenetic event lies in the background of the inducing effect. In column „Phenocopy” those diseases are shown whose negative (mutated) gene effect can be compensated either by diet or by medicaments. As we have already described in the introduction, there are less than 6000 genes behind these monogenic traits/diseases: sometimes microdeletions, chromosome duplications cause the disease which follow the Mendelian inheritance pattern, therefore in human genetics they are classified as monogenic diseases. This number can of course vary, in Familial hypercholesterolemia the prevalence is for instance 1/ 500, in Achondroplasia 1/20 000. The phenotype is manifested in the Aa heterozygous genotype already, which means that one mutated allele is sufficient to elicit the symptoms. Mendelian Inheritance: autosomal inheritance 69 In certain cases there is no difference in the severeness of the symptoms between homozygotes and heterozygotes. For instance in Huntington Chorea one mutated allele of huntingtin gene already codes for such a deeply malfunctioning protein, as a negative dominant mutationthat it elicits the lethal outcome. As the disease can be recognized due to the dominant phenotype, sometimes affected parents themselves refuse to have children, they do not risk it, or finally they decide to visit a genetic counselling. Possible causes of heterozygous dominance are haploinsufficiency, dominant negative effect and loss of function or gain of function mutations. Pleiotropy, variable expressivity, incomplete penetrance, arousal of a new mutation and the influence of paternal age are particular characteristics of this kind of inheritance. These will be discussed in the following paragraphs in connection with a few diseases as examples. Pleiotropy in this case is clearly understandable, since fibrillin is one of the most important extracellular protein present in the elastic and non-elastic connective tissues. Multiple organs can be affected: lungs, skin, kidneys, skeletal system, vascular system, cornea, etc.

In a study two groups were investigated: one consisted of four populations with a low-starch diet and the other of three populations from agricultural © Csaba Szalai 30gm elimite free shipping acne 4 year old. This difference could not be explained by geographical factors buy generic elimite 30 gm line zone stop acne -, because both groups contained people of Asian and African origin order cheap elimite on line acne on temples. This is crucial cheap elimite 30 gm with amex skin care bandung, and probably vital, in people likely to suffer from diarrhoeal diseases. Moreover, after being swallowed, salivary amylase is carried to the stomach and intestines, where it aids other digestive enzymes. This suggests that the duplication of these genes may have occurred relatively recently, possibly even since the evolution of modern humans about 200,000 years ago. Prehistoric and contemporary human populations living at altitudes of at least 2,500 meters above sea level may provide unique insights into human evolution. Indigenous highlanders living at high altitude have evolved different biological adaptations for surviving in the oxygen-thin air. The Andeans adapted to the thin air by developing an ability to carry more oxygen in each red blood cell by having higher haemoglobin concentrations in their blood. They increase their oxygen intake by taking more breaths per minute than people who live at sea level. In addition, Tibetans may have a second biological adaptation, which expands their blood vessels, allowing them to deliver oxygen throughout their bodies more effectively than sea-level people do. One effect of nitric oxide is to increase the diameter of blood vessels, which suggests that Tibetans may offset low oxygen content in their blood with increased blood flow. Over evolutionary time individuals who inherited this variant were better able to survive and passed it on to their children, until eventually it became more common in the population as a whole. Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose, a sugar found in milk and to a lesser extent milk-derived dairy products. Most mammals normally become lactose intolerant after weaning, but some human populations have developed lactase persistence, in which lactase production continues into adulthood. This means that the lactose intolerance may be regarded as the ancient “wild type” phenotype. It is estimated that 75% of adults worldwide show some decrease in lactase activity during adulthood. The frequency of decreased lactase activity ranges from 5% in northern Europe through 71% for Sicily to more than 90% in some African and Asian countries. This distribution is now thought to have been caused by recent natural selection favoring lactase persistent individuals in cultures that rely on dairy products. While it was first thought that this would mean that populations in Europe, India, and Africa had high frequencies of lactase persistence because of a particular mutation, it has now been shown that lactase persistence is caused by several independently occurring. These last two examples are examples for convergent evolution, which means that different processes in different population lead to similar phenotypes. Often, different traits can be developed in individuals, which are only side-effects of the changes induced by natural selection. One of the reasons of this is that most of these genes are pleiotropic: that is, they are individually involved in several different traits. Bacteria can acquire mutations or genes which are advantageous for their survival through horizontal gene transfer, e. Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 shared controls. Identification of 5-lipoxygenase as a major gene contributing to atherosclerosis susceptibility in mice. What strategies do you know for the selection of patients in retrospective studies? What methods do you know for the control of the problem of population stratification?

Similar considerations may apply to staff in day-care settings and special schools for those with severe learning disability buy genuine elimite line acne natural treatment. In settings where the client’s behaviour is likely to lead to significant exposures on a regular basis buy elimite 30gm line acne face map. Immunisation is also recommended for all prison service staff who are in regular contact with prisoners generic 30gm elimite overnight delivery skin care uk. Hepatitis B vaccination may also be considered for other groups such as the police and fire and rescue services buy elimite 30 gm fast delivery skin care regimen. In these workers an assessment of the frequency of likely exposure should be carried out. For other groups, post-exposure immunisation at the time of an incident may be more appropriate (see below). Such a selection has to be decided locally by the occupational health services or as a result of appropriate medical advice. Post-exposure immunisation Post-exposure prophylaxis is recommended for the following groups. Babies acquiring infection at this time have a high risk of becoming chronically infected with the virus. The development of the chronic infection after perinatal transmission can be prevented in over 90% of cases by appropriate vaccination, starting at birth, of all infants born to infected mothers. Confirmatory testing and testing for hepatitis B e-markers of those mothers shown to be infected should follow. Arrangements should be in place to ensure that information is shared with appropriate local agencies to facilitate follow up. It is, therefore, important that premature infants receive the full paediatric dose of hepatitis B vaccine on schedule. It is important that premature infants have their immunisations at the appropriate chronological age, according to the schedule. The occurrence of apnoea following vaccination is especially increased in infants who were born very prematurely. Very premature infants (born ≤ 28 weeks of gestation) who are in hospital should have respiratory monitoring for 48-72 hrs when given their first immunisation, particularly those with a previous history of respiratory immaturity. If the child has apnoea, bradycardia or desaturations after the first immunisation, the second immunisation should also be given in hospital, with respiratory monitoring for 48-72 hrs (Pfister et al. As the benefit of vaccination is high in this group of infants, vaccination should not be withheld or delayed. Vaccination schedule and follow-up For post-exposure prophylaxis in babies born to mothers infected with hepatitis B, the accelerated immunisation schedule is preferred. For these babies this will mean an initial dose of vaccine at birth, with further doses at one and two months of age and a fourth dose at one year of age. Where immunisation has been delayed beyond the recommended intervals, the vaccine course should be completed, but it is more likely that the child may become infected. Individuals who sustain such accidents should wash the affected area well with soap and warm water, and seek medical advice. Advice following accidental exposure may also be obtained from the occupational health services, hospital control of infection officer. Primary immunisation Pre-exposure prophylaxis For pre-exposure prophylaxis in most adult and childhood risk groups, an accelerated schedule should be used, with vaccine given at zero, one and two months. An alternative schedule at zero, one and six months should only be used where rapid protection is not required and there is a high likelihood of compliance. Higher completion rates are achieved with the accelerated schedule (at zero, one and two months) in groups where compliance is difficult.

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Assessment of nutritional status Nutritional assessment is the process of estimating the nutritional position of an individual or groups generic elimite 30 gm overnight delivery skin care knowledge, at a given point in time generic elimite 30gm without prescription acne 3 step clinique, by using proxy measurement of nutritional adequacy generic 30 gm elimite visa acne meds. It provides an indication of the adequacy of the balance between dietary intake and metabolic requirement purchase elimite 30 gm online acne 4dpo. Uses of Nutritional Assessment It should aim at discovering facts to guide actions intended to improve nutrition and health. To what extent has the intervention, treatment, or programme had the intended effect (impact) Anthropometrics assessment It is the measurement of the variation of physical dimensions and the gross composition of the human body at different age levels and degrees of nutrition. Waterlow classification Weight Above Below Height Above Normal Acute malnutrition Nutritional Chronic Below Dwarfism Malnutrition Identification malnutrition superficially Changes in the superficial tissues or in organs near the surface of the body, which are readily seen or felt upon examination. These include changes in: – Eyes – Skin – Hair – Thyroid gland 77 Nutrition Common indicators Edema Dyspigmentation of the hair Angular Stomatits Corneal lesions Swelling (enlargement) of glands Discussion questions 1. What are the nutritional risk factors which have an influence on a child’s nutritional state? Nutritional surveillance: is defined as the measurement of the frequency and distribution of nutrition related diseases or problems using regularly collected and available information. It comprises the compelling and analysis of nutrition information for decision making relative to national or regional polices or programme planning. Nutritional surveillance could be concerned with everything that affects nutrition, from food production, distribution, and intake to health status itself. Objectives of nutritional surveillance To provide information so that decision can be more favorable to nutrition To increase the allocation of resources to improve the nutrition of the malnourished in drought and famine condition. I) Ministry of health Ministry of agriculture, Government and nongovernmental organizations. Methods of nutrition intervention Food fortification Food for work Price subsidization Supplementation Family planning Integration of nutrition with health Price policy Mechanisms of nutrition interventions There are five principal mechanisms through which all interventions work. Making the required foods more accessible and available to the households Food utilization at household level. What are the five principal mechanisms through which all nutrition interventions work? The seven essential actions and the six contact points should be included in the curricula of all health science students. Promotion of Breastfeeding Key messages • Timely initiation of breastfeeding (1 hour of birth) • Exclusive breastfeeding until six months • Breastfeed day and night at least 10 times • Correct positioning & attachment • Empty one breast before switching to the other Estimated decrease of child mortality is 13% if the child is optimally breastfed 2. Appropriate Complementary Feeding Key messages: • Introduce appropriate complementary foods at 6 months • Continue breastfeeding until 24 months & more 84 Nutrition • Increase the number of feeding with age • Increase density, quantity and variety with age • Responsive feeding • Ensure good hygiene (use clean water, food and utensils) 3. Feeding of the sick child Key messages: • Increase breastfeeding and complementary feeding during and after illness • Appropriate Therapeutic Feeding. Control of Vitamin A Deficiency: Estimated decrease of child mortality is 2% Key messages: • Promote breastfeeding: source of vitamin A • Vitamin A rich foods 85 Nutrition • Maternal supplementation • Child supplementation • Food fortification 6. Control of Iodine Deficiency Disorders: Key messages Access and consumption by all families of iodized salt How the Essential Nutrition Actions expands coverage of nutrition support in the health sector: There are six critical contact points in the lifecycle 1. Worldwide, fewer than 20% of deaths associated with childhood malnutrition involve severe malnutrition; more than 80% involve only mild or moderate malnutrition. The Management of Severe Malnutrition a Suggested Manual for Ethiopia, July 2002 6. Retain palmitate supplementation by inhalation of an aerosol improves vitamin A status of preschool children in Gondar Region, Ethiopia. The prevalence of low birth weight and factors associated with low birth weight in Gondar region, northwest Ethiopia. Together, we are producing 13 Modules to upgrade the theoretical knowledge of the country’s 33,000 rural Health Extension Workers to that of Health Extension Practitioners, and to train new entrants to the service.